Arcturus Primitive Skills Institute

Edible & Medicinal Plants

Edible & Medicinal Plants is your gateway to real self‑reliance. This is where you learn the plants that can feed you, heal you, and keep you alive when the world stops cooperating. No fluff, no folklore—just field‑tested identification, practical uses, and the confidence to walk into the woods and know exactly what you’re looking at. If you want to turn Michigan’s landscape into your food, medicine, and advantage, this is where you start.

Boneset: The Forgotten Herbal Remedy for Immunity, Fever Relief, and Natural Healing

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Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum), also known as Feverwort or Indian Sage, is a powerful medicinal herb with a long history in traditional healing. This versatile plant has been used for centuries to treat respiratory ailments, reduce fevers, and support overall wellness. Today, herbalists still value Boneset for its antiviral, antibacterial, and immune-boosting properties.
 
What Is Boneset?
Boneset is a perennial herb native to North America, commonly found in wetlands and meadows. It grows 2–5 feet tall, with stems covered in long white hairs and clusters of small white flowers. Its leaves are distinctive—they appear “perforated,” as if the stem passes through them, making identification easier.
 
Health Benefits of Boneset
1. Respiratory Support
Boneset is traditionally used to relieve symptoms of colds, flus, bronchitis, and lung ailments. It acts as an expectorant, helping clear mucus from the lungs, and as a diaphoretic, promoting sweating to break fevers naturally.
2. Immune Booster
Rich in bitter compounds and polysaccharides, Boneset stimulates immune function, making it a valuable ally during seasonal illnesses.
3. Antiviral and Antibacterial
Boneset has demonstrated antiviral activity against influenza and other viruses, along with mild antibacterial effects, helping the body fight infections.
4. Anti-inflammatory and Pain Relief
Its anti-inflammatory properties ease muscle and joint aches, rheumatism, and arthritis, while also reducing fever-related discomfort.
5. Digestive Aid and Laxative
Boneset acts as a gentle digestive tonic and mild laxative, supporting detoxification and relieving constipation.
6. Bone and Tissue Healing
Historically, Boneset was used in poultices for broken bones, sprains, and bruises. When combined with Comfrey in a salve or poultice, it supports external healing. Important: Never take Comfrey internally.
 
How to Use Boneset Safely
• Tea: Start with tea for colds and flus. Steep 1–2 teaspoons of dried leaves and flowers in hot water. Drink one cup at the onset of symptoms.
• Tincture: Use in small doses only, as Boneset is potent. Limit use to short periods (3–7 days).
• Topical: Combine Boneset and Comfrey in a salve or poultice for external injuries.
 
Safety Precautions
Boneset contains compounds that can be toxic in large amounts or with prolonged use. Overuse may cause nausea, vomiting, or liver strain. Avoid internal use if pregnant, nursing, or if you have liver disease. Always consult a qualified herbalist or healthcare provider before use.
 
Final Thoughts
Boneset is a forgotten powerhouse in herbal medicine—effective for respiratory health, fever relief, and immune support. When used responsibly, it can be a valuable addition to your natural wellness toolkit.
 
For more information and content, visit survivalschoolmichigan.com

10 Best Wild Foods to Forage in Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula This Spring

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As winter loosens its grip on Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula, the forests and wetlands begin to wake up. For homesteaders, outdoor enthusiasts, and anyone interested in self-reliance, spring is prime time for foraging. The landscape offers a surprising abundance of edible plants that can supplement your pantry with fresh, nutrient-rich foods.
 
Whether you’re looking to add variety to your meals, boost your survival skills, or simply enjoy nature’s bounty, here are 10 of the best wild foods to forage in Northern Michigan and the U.P. this spring—including tips on identification, harvesting, and preparation.
 
1. Cattails (Typha spp.)
Why They’re Great: Known as the “supermarket of the swamp,” cattails provide edible parts nearly year-round.
Where to Find Them: Marshes, wetlands, and pond edges.
What to Eat:
• Spring shoots: Peel and eat raw or sautéed.
• Rhizomes: High in starch; roast or boil.
• Pollen (later in season): Collect for flour.
Tip: Avoid polluted water sources.
 
2. Wild Leeks (Ramps)
Why They’re Great: A spring delicacy with a strong onion-garlic flavor, packed with vitamins.
Where to Find Them: Shaded hardwood forests, often near streams.
What to Eat: Leaves and bulbs.
Harvesting Tip: Take only a few from each patch to ensure sustainability.
Warning: Do not confuse with lily-of-the-valley (toxic).
 
3. Acorns
Why They’re Great: A carbohydrate powerhouse that can be turned into flour for bread or porridge.
Where to Find Them: Under oak trees.
Preparation:
• Shell and crush nuts.
• Leach tannins by soaking in water (change water until clear).
• Dry and grind into meal.
Tip: White oak acorns are less bitter than red oak.
 
4. Wild Berries
Why They’re Great: Sweet, nutrient-rich, and easy to preserve.
Where to Find Them:
• Blackberries and raspberries: Thickets and forest edges.
• Blueberries: Sandy soils and open woods.
Season: Late spring into summer.
Preservation: Dry or make jam if sugar is available.
Warning: Avoid white berries—most are poisonous.
 
5. Fiddleheads
Why They’re Great: Young fern shoots that are rich in antioxidants and vitamins.
Where to Find Them: Moist, shaded areas near streams.
Preparation:
• Only harvest ostrich fern fiddleheads.
• Boil twice, discard water (never eat raw).
Season: Early spring.
 
6. Morel Mushrooms
Why They’re Great: Highly prized for their earthy flavor and culinary versatility.
Where to Find Them: Around dead or dying elms, ash, and poplar trees; recently burned areas.
Season: Mid to late spring.
Tip: Always positively identify—false morels are toxic.
Preservation: Dry for long-term storage.
 
7. Dandelion Greens
Why They’re Great: Common, abundant, and packed with vitamins A and C.
Where to Find Them: Lawns, fields, and roadsides (avoid sprayed areas).
What to Eat: Leaves, flowers, and roots.
Preparation:
• Young leaves for salads.
• Roots roasted for coffee substitute.
Season: Early spring before leaves turn bitter.
 
8. Wild Asparagus
Why They’re Great: Tender shoots that taste like cultivated asparagus.
Where to Find Them: Old fields, roadsides, and fence lines.
Season: Late spring.
Tip: Look for last year’s dried stalks—they mark the spot.
 
9. Sorrel
Why They’re Great: A tangy green that adds flavor and vitamin C to meals.
Where to Find Them: Meadows and open woods.
Preparation: Use fresh in salads or soups.
Season: Early spring.
 
10. Nettles
Why They’re Great: High in iron and protein, nettles are a nutritional powerhouse.
Where to Find Them: Moist, rich soil near streams and forest edges.
Preparation:
• Wear gloves when harvesting.
• Boil or steam to remove sting.
Uses: Soups, teas, or sautéed greens.
Foraging Safety and Best Practices
• Know Your Plants: Use a reliable field guide or take a class. Never guess—mistakes can be fatal.
• Harvest Responsibly: Take only what you need and leave enough for regrowth.
• Avoid Contaminated Areas: Stay clear of roadsides, industrial sites, and sprayed fields.
• Preserve Your Harvest: Dry, pickle, or freeze (if possible) to extend shelf life.
 
Why Spring Foraging Matters
Spring is the season of renewal—and foraging connects you directly to that cycle. After a long winter, these wild foods provide fresh nutrients, variety, and a sense of self-reliance. Whether you’re supplementing your pantry or practicing survival skills, Northern Michigan and the U.P. offer a rich, edible landscape for those who know where to look.
 
For more information and training visit survivalschoolmichigan.com

Triangle Formula: Mullein, Bee Balm, and Wild Cherry

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Foragers and survivalists know that the forest is more than a backdrop for adventure. It is a living apothecary, and those who understand its language can draw on remedies that have supported human health for centuries. Among the most effective combinations for respiratory resilience is a simple but powerful trio: mullein, bee balm, and wild cherry. Each plant is valuable on its own, but together they form a balanced formula that soothes the throat, calms irritated coughs, and supports the body during seasonal sickness.
 
This “triangle formula” is built on complementary actions. One herb cools and moistens, another warms and disinfects, and the third calms and tones. The result is a blend that adapts to mixed symptoms—dryness, congestion, spasms, or irritation—making it especially useful in unpredictable conditions, whether you’re deep in the woods or riding out a storm at home.
 
Mullein: The Soother, The Lung Blanket
Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is one of the most recognizable plants in the Eastern Woodlands, with its towering stalk and soft, felted leaves. For generations, it has been a go to remedy for irritated lungs.
Its actions are gentle but effective. Mullein moistens and calms respiratory tissues that feel raw or inflamed. It softens dry, barking coughs and supports the lungs during recovery. In a formula, mullein acts as the cooling, soothing base. Without it, a blend of stronger herbs can become too stimulating. With it, the entire combination becomes balanced and easier on the body.
For anyone who spends long days outdoors breathing cold air, smoke, or dust, mullein is a dependable ally.
 
Bee Balm: The Firekeeper, The Antimicrobial Warrior
Bee Balm (Monarda didyma or Monarda fistulosa) brings a very different energy. Where mullein cools, bee balm warms. Where mullein soothes, bee balm stirs movement. This plant has a long history of use among Eastern Woodlands nations, who relied on it for colds, flu, and respiratory infections.
Bee balm is strongly antimicrobial, making it valuable when sickness is circulating. Its aromatic compounds open the sinuses, warm the chest, and help break fevers by encouraging the body to move stagnation. In the wild, its bright flowers attract pollinators, but its leaves and flowers attract foragers who know its medicinal strength.
Paired with mullein, bee balm prevents the formula from becoming too cooling or passive. It adds fire to mullein’s water, creating a dynamic balance.
 
Wild Cherry Bark: The Calmer, The Cough Settler
Wild Cherry (Prunus serotina) completes the triangle with a grounding, stabilizing presence. Its bark has long been valued for its ability to relax coughing spasms and quiet persistent or unproductive coughs. It is gently astringent, helping to tone irritated tissues and reduce excessive mucus without shutting down the body’s natural clearing processes.
In a formula with mullein and bee balm, wild cherry acts as the mediator. It reins in excessive coughing while the other herbs soothe and disinfect. It keeps the blend from becoming too stimulating or too moist, offering a steadying influence that makes the combination more effective overall.
For survivalists, wild cherry bark is a plant worth knowing intimately. It is common, potent, and reliable when respiratory discomfort becomes a problem.
 
How the Triangle Works
This formula succeeds because each plant fills a different role:
• Mullein cools and moistens
• Bee Balm warms and disinfects
• Wild Cherry calms and tones
When combined, they create a balanced approach to irritated throats, stubborn coughs, and general respiratory support. This is especially useful when symptoms don’t fit neatly into one category—when a cough is both dry and spasmodic, or when congestion alternates with irritation.
 
Foragers appreciate this trio because all three plants are abundant in the Eastern Woodlands. Survivalists value it because it addresses a wide range of respiratory challenges with minimal ingredients. And anyone who spends time outdoors can benefit from understanding how these plants work together.
The forest offers many medicines, but few are as adaptable and reliable as this simple triangle.
 
For more content or plant classes, visit survivalschoolmichigan.com

Usnea: Nature’s Antibiotic

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Usnea—Old Man’s Beard—is one of those wild medicines that seasoned Michigan foragers and hard core survivalists learn to spot long before they ever need it. Out in the backwoods around Manistee and the Great Lakes, you’ll see it swaying from conifers and old hardwoods like ghost green sinew, light as air but tough enough to stretch without snapping. When you’re miles from a trailhead and the nearest first aid kit is whatever you can scavenge from your pack, this stringy lichen becomes more than a curiosity. It’s a field tested ally. For generations, woodsmen, trappers, and modern bushcrafters have turned to Usnea as a reliable topical antiseptic and emergency wound dressing—one of the few things in the forest you can grab straight off a branch and put to work. Many call it nature’s antibiotic, and while that’s a folk nickname rather than a clinical claim, its long history of use speaks for itself.
What it is and where to find it
Usnea (Old Man’s Beard) is a fruticose lichen that grows as long, stringy, beard like tufts on branches and rocks. It often hangs from twigs in shady, humid stands—look for it on conifers and older hardwoods near lakes and wetlands in northern Michigan. Usnea is also an indicator of clean air and is common in less polluted forest pockets.
How to identify it by its stringyness
• Appearance: pale green to gray green strands, sometimes several inches to feet long.
• Pull test (definitive): a strand pulled apart reveals a white, elastic inner cord (the central axis) and the outer cortex flakes into pale green particles that feel slightly elastic. This “stringy” elasticity distinguishes Usnea from look alikes.
Why foragers and survivalists value it
• Primary traditional actions: antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti inflammatory, wound healing, analgesic, antioxidant. Usnic acid and polyphenols are the compounds most often credited with these effects; lab studies show activity against Staphylococcus and other gram positive bacteria.
• Practical survival uses: lightweight wound dressing, emergency antiseptic poultice, tinder in wet conditions (when dry), and a field antiseptic for minor cuts. Every part of the dried thallus has been used in folk medicine.
Simple preparations (folk recipes)
• Tea (infusion): 1 cup water : 1 teaspoon dried usnea. Bring to a boil, reduce to a simmer, cover 30 minutes, cool and strain. Traditional dose: up to 1 cup, 3× per day in folk practice (not a medical recommendation).
• Tincture: alcohol extraction of dried usnea for throat or topical use.
• Topical: powdered dried usnea in salves, creams, or as a poultice for minor wounds and infections.
Safety, limits, and evidence
• Major safety warning: usnic acid has been associated with hepatotoxicity, including severe liver injury and rare deaths after oral supplement use; regulatory and toxicology reviews document this risk. Do not take internal usnea preparations without consulting a clinician.
Foraging ethics and quick tips for Michigan
• Harvest sustainably: take small amounts from multiple trees, avoid rare species, and never strip entire clumps. Usnea regenerates slowly.
• Collect from clean air sites: avoid lichens near roads or industrial areas. Store dried usnea in a breathable container and label with location/date.
Bottom line: Usnea is a true field apothecary for Michigan foragers and survivalists—an easy to identify, stringy lichen with powerful topical antimicrobial uses—but internal use carries documented liver risks, so treat it as a traditional emergency tool rather than a substitute for professional medical care.
For more information and content visit: survivalschoolmichigan.com

Triangle Formula: Mullein, White Pine & Goldenrod — A Wildcrafted Remedy for Stuck Mucus and Sinus‑Lung Congestion

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This triangle formula is a wildcrafted remedy straight from the Michigan woodlands, designed to help with lingering stuck mucus, sinus‑lung congestion, and the frustrating cycle where sinus drip keeps feeding chest heaviness. It uses three powerhouse plants—Mullein, White Pine needles, and Goldenrod—each with its own medicinal strengths, and each chosen because of how well they complement one another.

Mullein — The Lifter

Mullein is one of Michigan’s most reliable respiratory allies. Its soft, fuzzy leaves are rich in mucilage, making it both soothing and effective at loosening stubborn mucus.

Medicinal qualities:

  • Expectorant

  • Demulcent (soothing to irritated tissues)

  • Anti‑inflammatory

  • Antimicrobial

  • Bronchodilatory

  • Antioxidant

What it does: Mullein softens, lifts, and mobilizes mucus while calming irritated bronchial tissue. It prepares the lungs for deeper opening and movement.

White Pine Needles — The Opener

Eastern White Pine needles bring aromatic resins and vitamin‑rich compounds that help open the chest and support clearer breathing.

Medicinal qualities:

  • High in Vitamin C

  • Immune‑supportive

  • Anti‑inflammatory

  • Antiseptic

  • Antioxidant

  • Respiratory‑supportive

  • Mild expectorant

What it does: White Pine opens the airways, stimulates circulation in the lungs, and enhances airflow so Mullein’s lifting action can work more effectively.

Goldenrod — The Clarifier

Goldenrod is a key plant for the sinus‑lung linkage. It helps dry excess mucus, reduce inflammation, and calm the upper airways.

Medicinal qualities:

  • Anti‑inflammatory

  • Astringent

  • Antimicrobial / Antiseptic

  • Diuretic

  • Anticatarrhal (clears mucus)

  • Antispasmodic

  • Carminative

  • Vulnerary (wound‑healing)

  • Diaphoretic

  • Mild analgesic

  • Antioxidant

What it does: Goldenrod reduces sinus swelling, dries excess mucus, and breaks the sinus‑to‑lung feedback loop that keeps congestion lingering.

How the Triangle Works Together

When these three plants come together, they form a complete respiratory circuit:

  • Mullein lifts and loosens

  • White Pine opens and mobilizes

  • Goldenrod clears and dries

This synergy addresses the entire respiratory pathway—from sinus inflammation to bronchial tightness to deep‑lung stagnation. Instead of treating symptoms in isolation, the triangle formula works as a unified system:

  • Mullein softens and moves mucus upward

  • White Pine opens the chest so movement can continue

  • Goldenrod clears the sinuses and prevents new mucus from feeding the problem

The result is strong, field‑tested woodland medicine rooted in Michigan’s landscape—perfect for foragers, wildcrafters, and anyone who wants to learn practical, hands‑on plant skills at survivalschoolmichigan.com..

Mullein

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Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is one of the most valuable wild plants a forager or plant‑medicine enthusiast can know. It thrives where other plants struggle—poor fields, sandy soil, waste areas, and sun‑baked ground. You’ll often find it along railroad tracks, abandoned lots, and dry open spaces where its unmistakable form stands out.

In its first year, mullein grows as a low rosette of large, gray‑green, fuzzy leaves. These soft, felted leaves are one of its most recognizable features. In the second year, it sends up a tall flowering stalk that can reach six feet or more, topped with bright yellow blossoms from July through September.

Mullein has a long history in traditional herbalism, especially for respiratory health. The leaves and flowers make a soothing tea that supports the lungs, acts as an expectorant, and calms irritated mucus membranes. It has been used for chest colds, asthma, bronchitis, and persistent coughs. The yellow flowers infused in honey create a highly effective natural cough syrup. The same flowers soaked in warm olive oil have been used as a classic remedy for earaches.

Modern herbalists value mullein for its antiviral, antibacterial, antiseptic, and anti‑tumor properties. Its antimicrobial nature is one reason it performs so well as a wound dressing. The leaves can be used as makeshift bandages or gauze, and their strong anti‑inflammatory action makes them useful for wrapping sprains or twisted ankles. Some foragers even place a leaf in the sole of a boot for a mild energizing effect during long treks.

Mullein also offers a double‑duty poultice system. First‑year leaves can be mashed into a poultice and applied directly to wounds. Larger second‑year leaves can then be wrapped around the poultice to hold it in place. The plant’s tall dried stalks have their own uses: they can be turned into hand‑drill spindles for firecraft, and the leaves can be charred to make excellent char cloth. In winter, the dead stalks make mullein easy to locate even under snow.

The plant’s root has been used traditionally for certain types of lung support and musculoskeletal issues. Some herbalists dig it in late fall or winter when the plant’s energy has returned to the root.

Mullein’s yellow flowers and dried leaves have also been used in steam inhalations, and historically, some cultures smoked small amounts of dried mullein leaf to soothe the lungs. The plant contains compounds that help open the airways and calm irritation.

A few cautions are worth noting. The leaves are covered in fine hairs that can be itchy or irritating to some people, especially when handled fresh. These hairs are also why mullein leaves should not be used as a water filter, despite occasional claims—those hairs can irritate the throat if ingested. When making teas or infusions, strain thoroughly through a fine cloth to remove the hairs.

Despite these cautions, mullein remains one of the most versatile and generous plants in the wild landscape. From medicine to firecraft to field‑expedient first aid, it is a cornerstone species for anyone serious about foraging, herbalism, or survival skills.

The Triangle Code: Wilderness Medicinal Tea Formulas For The Eastern Woodsman

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1. The Woodsman’s Triangle
Purpose: Energy, endurance, and recovery for rugged conditions.
Formula:
• Base (Strength): Black Birch (Betula lenta) – bark tea for anti-inflammatory strength and subtle wintergreen flavor.
• Second Side (Stamina): Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) – twigs and berries for warming energy, digestive support, and resilience.
• Third Side (Recovery): Nettle (Urtica dioica) – mineral-rich leaves for replenishment and muscle recovery.
Ratio:
• Black Birch: 2 parts
• Spicebush: 1 part
• Nettle: 2 parts
Flavor Profile:
• Birch brings a crisp, wintergreen edge.
• Spicebush adds a warm, peppery undertone.
• Nettle rounds it out with earthy depth.
 
2. The Hunter’s Triangle
Purpose: Focus, calm nerves, and sharp senses.
Formula:
• Base (Clarity): Sweet Fern (Comptonia peregrina) – aromatic leaves for digestive calm and mental clarity.
• Second Side (Stealth): Wild Mint (Mentha canadensis) – cooling, alertness, and breath control.
• Third Side (Balance): Blueberry Leaf (Vaccinium spp.) – tannins for blood sugar stability and subtle grounding.
Ratio:
• Sweet Fern: 2 parts
• Wild Mint: 1 part
• Blueberry Leaf: 1 part
Flavor Profile:
• Sweet Fern delivers a resinous, earthy aroma with a slightly sweet undertone.
• Wild Mint adds a crisp, refreshing coolness that sharpens the senses.
• Blueberry Leaf contributes a mild, tannic finish for grounding and balance.
 
3. The Iron Triangle
Purpose: Immune defense and raw vitality.
Formula:
• Base (Shield): Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) – root or flower for immune boost.
• Second Side (Armor): Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) – leaves for antimicrobial and wound-healing properties.
• Third Side (Forge): Pine Needles (Pinus strobus) – vitamin C powerhouse for resilience.
Ratio:
• Echinacea: 1 part
• Yarrow: 1 part
• Pine Needles: 2 parts
Flavor Profile:
• Echinacea brings a bold, earthy bitterness with a slightly tingling sensation.
• Yarrow adds a dry, herbal sharpness reminiscent of wild meadow greens.
• Pine Needles deliver a bright, resinous citrus note that lifts the blend and energizes the palate.
 
4. The Pioneer’s Triangle
Purpose: Hydration, electrolyte balance, and cooling under heat stress.
Formula:
• Base (Hydration): Basswood Flowers (Tilia americana) – soothing, mild diuretic, replenishes fluids.
• Second Side (Electrolytes): Sumac Berries (Rhus typhina) – tart infusion for vitamin C and minerals.
• Third Side (Cooling): Wild Strawberry Leaf (Fragaria virginiana) – gentle tonic for heat fatigue.
Ratio:
• Basswood: 2 parts
• Sumac: 1 part
• Strawberry Leaf: 1 part
Flavor Profile:
• Basswood offers a smooth, honey-like sweetness with a delicate floral aroma.
• Sumac brings a sharp, citrusy tang that refreshes and replenishes.
• Wild Strawberry leaf adds a subtle, green earthiness with a faint fruity undertone.
Field Notes for the Eastern Woodlands
• All these plants are native or naturalized in Michigan and surrounding regions.
• Harvest responsibly: avoid over-stripping bark and never take more than 10% from a stand.
• Drying leaves and roots extends shelf life; teas can be brewed fresh or dried.
 
For more content visit: survivalschoolmichigan.com

A Curated Guide to Foundational Books on Wild Edible and Medicinal Plants

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George Hedgepeth is a seasoned naturalist, survival instructor, and educator with decades of experience studying wild edible and medicinal plants. His expertise is grounded in extensive fieldwork, traditional knowledge research, and a deep understanding of plant ecology. In addition to his botanical and ethnobotanical background, he teaches practical wilderness skills and contributes his knowledge as an instructor at Arcturus Primitive Skills Institute, where he helps students develop competence in foraging, plant identification, and foundational survival techniques. His work reflects a commitment to both scientific understanding and hands‑on, experience‑based learning.
The study of wild plants for food, medicine, and practical use is supported by a rich body of literature. The following overview, based on recommendations compiled by George Hedgepeth, highlights a selection of books that have proven valuable for identifying plants, understanding their uses, and exploring their ecological and cultural contexts. While some titles may be more difficult to obtain than others, each offers meaningful insight for students of useful plants. This list is not exhaustive, and many other high‑quality works exist, particularly those tailored to specific regions.
According to Hedgepeth’s recommendations, an excellent starting point for beginners is A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants by Lee Peterson. The Peterson Guides are widely respected for their clarity and practicality. This particular volume includes identification tips and suggestions for plant use, illustrated primarily with pen‑and‑ink drawings. Although some readers prefer photographic guides, the illustrations are clear and effective for field identification.
Several additional books form a strong foundation for further study. Newcomb’s Wildflower Guide is notable for its intuitive key system, which allows users to identify unfamiliar plants with relative ease. Field Guide to North American Edible Wild Plants by Elias and Dykeman expands on edible species with detailed color photographs and nutritional information. Hedgepeth also emphasizes the importance of a reliable reference on poisonous species, recommending Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms of North America by Turner and Szczawinski.
Beyond these core texts, regional guides and books focused on plant uses are valuable additions. Anthropological works, such as Francis Densmore’s research on Indigenous plant use, provide cultural context and deepen the reader’s understanding of traditional knowledge. Resources that explore plant communities and ecological relationships help readers develop a broader perspective on the environments in which useful plants grow.
With these materials, students of wild plants can build a strong foundation for identifying, harvesting, and understanding the species around them.
 
Selected Bibliography
(As compiled by George Hedgepeth)
Brill, Stephen, and Evelyn Dean. Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants in Wild (and Not So Wild) Places. New York: Hearst Books, 1994.
Densmore, Francis. How Indians Use Wild Plants for Food, Medicine and Crafts. New York: Dover Books, 1974.
Duke, James A. Handbook of Edible Weeds. Ann Arbor: CRC Press, 1992.
Elias, Thomas S., and Peter A. Dykeman. Field Guide to North American Edible Wild Plants. New York: Outdoor Life Books, 1982.
Elliot, Doug. Roots: An Underground Botany and Forager’s Guide. Old Greenwich, Connecticut: The Chatham Press, 1976.
Elpel, Thomas J. Botany in a Day: The Patterns Method of Plant Identification. Pony, Montana: Hollowtop, 1996.
Gibbons, Euell. Stalking the Wild Asparagus. New York: David McKay Co., 1962.
Krumm, Bob. The Great Lakes Berry Book. Helena, Montana: Falcon, 1996.
Newcomb, Lawrence. Newcomb’s Wildflower Guide. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1977.
Nyerges, Christopher. Guide to Wild Foods and Useful Plants. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1999.
Patton, Darryl. Mountain Medicine: The Herbal Remedies of Tommie Bass. Gadsden, Alabama: Little River Press, 2004.
Peterson, Lee. A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Boston: Houghton‑Mifflin Co., 1978.
Thayer, Samuel. The Forager’s Harvest: A Guide to Identifying, Harvesting, and Preparing Edible Wild Plants. Ogema, Wisconsin: Forager’s Harvest, 2006.
Thayer, Samuel. Nature’s Garden: A Guide to Identifying, Harvesting, and Preparing Edible Wild Plants. Birchwood, Wisconsin: Forager’s Harvest, 2010.
Turner, Nancy J., and Adam F. Szczawinski. Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms of North America. Timber Press, 2003.
Weatherbee, Ellen Elliott, and James Bruce. Edible Wild Plants of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan, 1979.
Woodward, Lucia. Poisonous Plants: A Color Field Guide. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985.
Zachos, Ellen. Backyard Foraging: 65 Familiar Plants You Didn’t Know You Could Eat. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing, 2013.
***If you’re interested in diving deeper into wilderness skills, hands‑on survival training, or comprehensive courses on edible and medicinal plants, explore the programs at survivalschoolmichigan.com. It’s an excellent next step for anyone ready to turn curiosity into real‑world capability.***

Turkey Tail Mushroom: The Forest’s Toughest Healer

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The turkey tail mushroom (Trametes versicolor) is a tough, wood-loving fungus that thrives on dead hardwood in forests across the globe. Its name comes from its layered, fan-like shape and earthy bands of brown, gray, and rust, resembling the tail feathers of a wild turkey. It’s not flashy, but it is definitely unmistakable.
This mushroom isn’t just a survivor—it’s a healer. Used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, turkey tail is packed with immune-modulating compounds like PSK (polysaccharide-K) and PSP (polysaccharide peptide). These have been studied for their ability to support cancer therapies, improve gut health, and strengthen immune response. In Japan, PSK is even approved as a cancer adjunct therapy.
At Arcturus Primitive Skills Institute, it is one of the mushrooms I point out and cover when we go on a foraging mission. Sometimes I will even make a tea out of it.
How to prepare turkey tail tea:
1. Identify and Harvest Carefully • Look for Trametes versicolor growing on dead hardwood. • Confirm identification: real turkey tail has white pores underneath, unlike the smooth underside of false turkey tail (Stereum ostrea). • Harvest sustainably—cut rather than rip, and leave some behind to continue decomposing the wood.
2. Clean the Mushrooms • Brush off dirt and debris. • Rinse briefly in cold water, then pat dry. • Avoid soaking, as this can degrade the mushroom’s texture and potency.
3. Dry for Storage (Optional) • If not using immediately, dry the mushrooms in a dehydrator or by air-drying in a well-ventilated space. • Store in a sealed jar away from light and moisture.
4. Brew the Tea • Use about 2–4 grams of dried turkey tail (or 4–8 grams fresh) per cup of water. • Add mushrooms to a pot with water. • Simmer gently for at least 1 hour, up to 2 hours for stronger extraction. • Optional: add ginger, cinnamon, or lemon to improve flavor.
5. Strain and Serve • Strain out the mushroom pieces using a fine mesh or cheesecloth. • Drink warm or refrigerate for later use. • The taste is earthy and slightly bitter; some prefer mixing it with herbal teas or honey.
6. Dosage and Frequency • Many people drink 1–2 cups daily for immune support. • Effects are cumulative, so consistency matters more than quantity.
Turkey tail is a symbol of endurance. It grows year-round, even in harsh conditions, quietly recycling dead wood into fertile soil. It’s one of the first mushrooms foragers learn to identify—not because it’s edible, but because it’s safe, common, and medicinally potent.
Turkey tail has the following medicinal applications:
• Immune System Modulation Rich in polysaccharides like PSK and PSP, turkey tail helps regulate immune responses. It’s used to support recovery during chemotherapy and radiation and may enhance the body’s ability to fight infections.
• Anti-Cancer Properties PSK is approved in Japan as an adjunct cancer therapy. Studies show it may help slow tumor growth and improve survival rates when used alongside conventional treatments.
• Gut Health and Microbiome Support Turkey tail contains prebiotic fibers that nourish beneficial gut bacteria. This can improve digestion, reduce inflammation, and support overall metabolic health.
• Anti-Inflammatory Effects The mushroom’s bioactive compounds may help reduce systemic inflammation, which is linked to chronic diseases like arthritis, heart disease, and autoimmune conditions.
• Blood Sugar Regulation Some studies suggest turkey tail may help lower blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes, potentially aiding in metabolic control.
• Cognitive and Nervous System Support Early research indicates potential neuroprotective effects, including improved memory and brain function, possibly due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Liver Protection Turkey tail may help protect liver cells from damage caused by toxins or infections, though more research is needed to confirm this benefit.
• Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity Extracts from turkey tail have shown promise in fighting viruses and bacteria, making it a candidate for natural antimicrobial support.
These benefits are typically accessed through capsules, powders, or tinctures, as the mushroom itself is too tough to eat. While promising, it is important to consult a healthcare provider before using turkey tail therapeutically, especially alongside other treatments.

Wild Chestnuts-Nature’s Ultimate Snack

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Every fall, from mid-September through November, wild chestnuts begin to drop—and I know they’ve arrived when I feel their prickly outer shells stab me in the foot. These spiny husks, called burrs, start to split open between mid-September and early October, revealing the treasure inside: the chestnut, a delicious and nutrient-rich nut tucked within.
 
Compared to most other nuts, chestnuts are surprisingly low in fat and calories. They’re higher in carbohydrates, making them a great energy source, and they pack a solid fiber punch—one serving delivers about 15% of your daily needs. They also offer a decent dose of vitamins and minerals, including K, B5, and B3, along with phosphorus and magnesium. Thanks to this nutritional profile, chestnuts may support heart health, blood sugar control, weight management, digestion, and even have potential anticancer properties.
 
How to Roast Wild Chestnuts
If you’ve gathered your own or picked some up at the market, here’s a simple way to prepare them:
1. Remove the chestnut from its spiky burr.
2. Score the shell: Using a sharp knife, cut an ‘X’ into the shell of each chestnut (not the burr). This helps steam escape and makes peeling easier.
3. Soak them: Place the chestnuts in a metal pot filled with water and let them soak for a few hours. Discard any that float—they’re likely bad. Then drain the water.
4. Roast over fire: Toss the soaked chestnuts into a skillet or frying pan and roast them over an open flame or stovetop for about 20 minutes. Add a pinch of salt for flavor.
 
The finished chestnuts should be yellowish in color, tender, and taste remarkably like yams or sweet potatoes—earthy, sweet, and comforting.
 
Happy foraging this fall. May your hunt be fruitful and your fire warm.
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